Strengths of EBP Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strengths of EBP - Coursework Example Intervention involves setting and realizing targets, while research emphasizes intervention. Lastly, there is the general evidence, which has resulted to standardization of nursing practice. There are two main reasons that emphasize on the importance of integrating EBP with family practice. First, one’s health is not only limited to medication one uses, but also to the patient’s confidence in the medication given. The second reason is the existence of trust between the doctor and the patient. This eases the patients desire to follow doctor’s instructions to the latter. The doctor is also bound to do his best in such cases. A nurse has a lot of responsibilities when EBP and family practices mismatch. Primarily, nurses should redesign the health care system through creativity and involvement of teamwork. In addition, it is essential to have comfortable programs for research. Furthermore, future workforce should receive proper training as well as current work force. Finally, multiple perspectives should be encouraged in the health system. This results in sound decision-making that will lead to matching EBP and family

Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy - Essay Example The current status of relationships between Russia and the United states cannot be termed as friendly by any means because the relationships which were strained by the US withdrawal from ABM treaty and which were further deteriorated by Iraq war and Kosovo independence crisis continued to go from bad to worse. Another significant down came in March 2007 when US announced its plans to build an anti-ballistic missile defense installation in Poland along with a radar station in the Czech Republic. According to the United States officials, the motive behind such plans is to safeguard the international peace and ensure international security against the threat posed by Iranian and North Korean nuclear weapons to the world. However Russia considered this move as an aggression against them because Poland and Czech Republic are former Warsaw Pact countries and US military influence in these countries means creating an imbalance of power in Europe once again. Russian President issued various statements to protest against this action and warn the US president about the consequences of such a move while on the other side Russia continued to test its intercontinental missiles and claimed that these missiles can defeat all kinds of missile defense systems. Russia also started establishing missile defense basis along the now US backed Poland (Kegley & Blanton, 2011). The relationships between the two countries have reached another historical low at the moment and the Russian-Georgian clash. and Russian military cooperation with Venezuela are the most recent incidents which mark the strain in the relationships. The diplomatic dialogue between both countries has almost ceased to a zero level at the moment and there are no hopes of an improvement in the relationships in recent future. The relationships between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and United States are a matter of very frequent discussion in international politics today and the subject has many complexities associated with it. The diplomatic ties between the two countries exist from the year 1947; Pakistan emerged on the map of the world during this year. From the very beginning the basis of

Social Learning Theory And Tv Children And Young People Essay

Social Learning Theory And Tv Children And Young People Essay Children spend over 1,500 hours watching television in the course of a year; this amount of time spent in front of the television is significant when compared to the amount of hours a child spends in school, which is on average about 900 hours (Herr, 2007). Television impacts the lives of children in todays society with violence being the main message in the majority of shows. TV has become an ongoing controversial issue in which many researchers since the 1950s have conducted research studies. This paper will discuss Banduras social cognitive theory and research conducted within the last ten years in order to gain a better understanding of the effects of TV violence and children. Keywords: TV, violence, Bandura, social learning theory Introduction In todays ever evolving world of technology, television is at the top. While technology develops advancements and evolution, TV has maintained its popular presence. Postman (1985) states that television is our cultures way of knowing about itself and goes on to discuss how TV stages the world becomes the model for how the world is properly to be staged (p. 92). When the picture doesnt reflect reality, this is where issues arise. A child being brought up in this type of reality and never knowing life without a television makes them vulnerable to the negative effects of television. A childs cognitive development not being fully matured enough to understand violent messages that the media portrays becomes another issue that arises. Palmer, Hockett, and Dean (1983), found that for many children who watch TV programs geared for adults are not fully equipped emotionally or cognitively enough. Also it is to be noted that many of these children watch these types of program without adult supervision (p. 290). Difficulty to react emotionally to these types of TV messages is a lack of cognitive development (Potter, 2008, p. TV Violence 458). Potter (2008) further notes that until a child has developed certain knowledge structures, they will lack certain perspectives of how to view the world around them (p. 61). Television broadcasts many meaningful messages such as violence that not only entertains our children but has a huge impact on their lives. TVs popularity on violent programs has become an issue that many researchers have conducted research on since the 1950s. Gerbner states that being brought up around a violent culture develops aggressiveness, as well as, insecurity, anger, mistrust and desensitization in many (Stossel, 1997, p. 91). Many researchers attest that violent television viewing contributes to antisocial behaviors as well as other variable factors. Ongoing debates go on of whether long or short term effects of TV viewing occur, and children are the main focal group that needs special protection from the negative effects of violence on TV (Potter, 2008, p. 62). The TV generations of children are bleak bunch when compared to earlier generations of children who seemed to be more outgoing and playful (McLuhan Fiore, 1967, p. 126). Researchers today state that children who spend more time in front of the television are at a higher level of risk for developing antisocial effects. Just about every household in the United States has at least one television if not more, and with that said many children are being exposed to violent images and programs at a very young age. Flavell and Ross (1981) state that 4 to 6 year olds have little reflective understanding of their moral knowledge and have an intuitive moral competence that they answer questions about moral rules and in how they excuse their transgressions and react to the transgressions of others. (p. 288) The social learning theory was developed by Albert Bandura in 1977 and states that everyday individuals observe the actions of others in ways of being rewarded, ignored, or punished (p. 46). This theory is most relevant theory in criminology. Social learning can take place at age; however, research has shown that social learning is most important during childhood years. With this has come the influential debate on the effects of children and TV violence. Banduras most famous research was based on his Bobo doll experiment that demonstrated social learning theory in that children are more likely to be violent towards a life size doll after watching an adult be violent to the doll on TV. Theory Relevance Banduras social learning theory emphasizes the importance as well as the modeling behaviors, attitudes and emotional reactions of others. Bandura (1977) further notes that Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own action to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behaviors is learned by observation through modeling; from observing others individuals tend to form ideas of how new behaviors are performed (p.22). Social learning theory further explains behavioral patterns as having been learned through operant conditioning and observation. Social learning theory extends its details by examining human behaviors through interactions within cognitive, behavioral and environmental influences. Components of social learning theory are: Attention Retention Motor Reproduction Motivation The reason why I chose to discuss social learning theory is mainly because of my own research I conducted a few years ago. The results were comparable to many of the other research studies conducted. Further I chose to discuss the social learning theory because I find it fascinating how this ties into criminal justice and may be a factor in why criminals commit crime. It is possible that criminals who commit crime were exposed to negative activities and never were taught right from wrong, leading many of these offenders to commit crime. It is up to the policy-makers to limit the amount of exposure of violence in the media from young children. It has been notes that violence contributes to 61% of TV programs that children view. Children arent the only ones affected by TV violence, adults are exposed to the same amount of violence as well and most arent even aware of it. In most recent technology, parents can restrict certain television shows from their children, and most recent laws now state that television rates must be present to rate the material being shown (e.g. amount of sexual content or violence). It is up to the government to put restrictions on certain types of shows in order to help restrict young views such as children from watching, which in tale can lead these children into an increased life of crime, thinking it is ok do what they see on TV. It is also up to the government to reduce the amount of violence portrayed on TV. Research Support The following will discuss previous studies conducted on television violence and its impact on children. Gerbners research called The Cultural Indicators Project has been noted to be one of the most widely referenced content analysis dealing with TV violence. In 1976, Gerbner and Gross conducted research with the use of a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health. Their research entailed television programming and its concepts of social reality through a violent profile; which is a set of indicators along with the aspects of the TV world and the concepts of reality that are developed by viewers. In 1995, the Cultural Indicators Project had viewed over 25 years worth of TV programs, their observations consisted of over 3000 programs and 35,000 types of characters from thematic to action heroes (Signorielli, Gerbner, Morgan, 1995). Gerbners study focused mainly on physical, obvious violence, which was the most consistent within the data measuring TV violence (Signorielli, et al., 1995). Other types of research conducted were from the Berkeley Media Studies Group, which focused on new stations that showed real life violence on TV. The Berkeley Media Studies Group focused their research on TV news stations and how they structure the public and policy issue on violence in children (Dorfman, Woodruff, Chavez, Wallack, 1997). Here, researchers conducted over 214 hours worth of local news media in California. The media collected in this study was 1,791 stories related to children, violence, or both. It is to be noted that the research study was done around Halloween in hopes of having a higher rate of news related stories involving children and violence, as well as, any story involving anyone younger than 24 involved in a gang. The results of this study showed that the most frequent topic discussed on the news was in fact violence related (Dorfman, et al., p. 1312); with over 55% of the news stories shown were about children involved in violent acts and about 68% of the violence shown on the news worried children (p. 1314). In todays society, children dont know what it is like to not have a television or TV violence for that matter. Almost every household in the United States 99% has at least one TV in their household, whereas majority owns two or more (Herr, 2007). Bandura (2006) further states that more than half of households in the United States have three or more TVs (as cited in Potter, 2008, p. 5). The Kaiser Family Foundation (2010) conducted a study that found children ranging from ages 8 to 18 watch about 4  ½ hours of TV every day. It is also to be noted that this research found that 71% of these children had TVs in their bedrooms. With high saturation of TV programs, it is evident that there is also high presence of violent programming being watched by these young children. Further, Signorielli (2003) conducted analysis based on a 13 week television program that builds off of research from the Cultural Indicators Project. The results showed no change in level of violence from spring 1993 to fall 2001, where six of the television programs had violence (p. 53). In her study, Signorielli also found that the same amount of violence was being shown but within fewer characters in the TV programs. Therefore, violence on TV in the past 30 years has been found in 60% of TV programs, which breaks down to 4.5 acts per program (p. 54). Glascock (2008) also conducted analysis on children and TV violence, however Glascocks study was based on aggressive behavior (e.g. verbal, physical, and indirect acts of aggressiveness) and TV programs. With 6,599 aggressive acts analyzed, he found that TV programs air approximately 68 acts of aggression every hour (p. 274). Wilson, Smith, Potter, Kunkel, Linz, Colvin, and Donnerstein (2002) conducted a study on the nature as well as the extent of violence on television that mainly targeted children 12 years and younger (p. 5). Their results found that TV programs that targets children had more overall content of violence than non-children related TV shows (p. 29). Further, the results displayed over  ¾ of violent scenes in children shows had some type of humor, whereas  ¼ had aggression displayed in a humorous context (p. 22). With the results of this research Wilson, Colvin, and Smith (2002) wanted to further their research to offenders committing violence. With that said, they discovered that many of the violent offenders (89%) were adults, and children accounted for 4 to 7% based on age. When combined with the 2,500 hours of violent TV programs involved in this study, they discovered that younger offenders view TV violence once every hour and a half, were as adults are engaged 5 times an hour (p. 45). So the research result show that younger offender have a higher chance of being seen as attractive, having less punishment and are more involved in violence that have fewer end result to the victim (p. 53). Christakis and Zimmerman (2007) conducted a five-year observational, longitudinal study that discovered preschoolers; especially boys who view violence on TV do develop subsequent aggressive behavior (p. 996). Huesmann, Moise-Titus, Podolski, and Eron (2003) conducted a 15 year longitudinal study that found high significance in both young boys and girls in relations to aggressive behavior after watch violent TV programs. (p. 203). They note that child ranging in ages from 6 to 9 who watch violent programs on TV that displayed aggressive same-sex characters, and had perceptions of TV violence being real had higher rates of aggression as adults (p. 215). In 1960, a man named Leonard Eron surveyed every eight year old in Columbus County, New York. He stated I want to measure child-rearing practices as they relates to aggression. The parents asked such questions as: Had they read Dr. Spock? How often did their child watch TV? What was their childs favorite show? The results of this survey showed that the more aggressive children watched higher amounts of violent TV programs. However, did watching TV make these children more aggressive or were aggressive children watching violent TV programs? The U.S. Surgeon General formed a committee on TV and social behavior and asked Eron to survey the Columbia County children from 1960 (The Education Digest, October 1994). In 1971, Eron found about 500 of the now 19 year olds from the original sample of 875 children. The Correlation between viewing violence at age 8 and how aggressive the individual was at age 19 was higher than the correlation between watching violence at age 8 and behaving aggressively at age 8. Further, Eron once again was asked to further conduct his study in 1981, using 400 of the subjects being studied again, along with 80 of their offsprings (The Education Digest, October 1994). 30 year old men who had been the most aggressive when they were 8 had more arrests for drunk driving and violent crime and were more abusive to their spouses. Of the 600 subjects whose criminal records were reviewed; those who watched violent TV programs when they were 8 had been arrested more often for violent crimes and self reported fights when consuming alcohol. (The Education Digest, October 1994). In 1973, Tannis McBeth Williams studied children in a Canadian town before and after the town got TV; the results found that creativity dropped and that within two years after the town received the arrival of TV the rates of hitting, shoving, and biting among first and second graders had increased by 160%. Further studies discovered, 10 to 15 years after the TV was introduced, murder rates doubled (Newsweek, December, 1995). Bandura (1960) conducted a study on preschoolers and let them watch TV footage of a man hitting a bobo or clown doll. Afterwards, the children who saw the violent footage were more likely to mimic the same motions the adult did to the doll. Further studies have shown that these child also spontaneously would act out towards a man dressed as a clown as well, indicating that TV violence might spill easily into the real world. In another twist, a group of children saw a similar piece of footage of a man hitting a doll but being spanked for the actions. The children who watched this footage were less likely to attack the doll themselves (Newsweek, December, 1995). Discussion Current and past research has shown that many of the children who view violent content on TV at a young age do grow up to be violent. Banduras research with the Bobo doll clearly shows the effects of violence on children. In a study covering from 1982 to 1992, researchers found that for every 10 prime-time male characters who commit violence, 11 were victims. For every 10 female offenders, there were 17 female victims and for every 10 women of color given power, 22 were victimized (Newsweek, December 1995). Research also shows that 10% of violence comes from what we learn as children. Numerous years of research on this subject has proven that the more violence children are brought up around the more they think it is ok. It is also to be noted that this type of research establishes causation, which can determine cause and effect between variable. Not all research on this violence and children are accurate, not all children grow up to be violent offenders either. This is where most of the research becomes weak. There is no evidence or other factors that are tested to prove that TV violence is in fact the only contributor to offenders committing violent acts of crime. Much of these studies have been controlled type studies, and with this, controlled studies can be artificial, or done in a lab type setting which tends to eliminate real life effects on this type of study. It also should be noted that much of the research conducted on this subject have been done in previous years where exposure to TV violence was mild compared to current TV programs. Also, studies conducted in past years had fewer channels to choose from limiting the amount of available violent content. Studies suggest a high correlation between exposure to TV violence and violent behavior. Results of studies should be used to educate the public, parents, children, and programmers. Further, making suggestions on what can be utilized from parents, and criminologist may also help understand better the correlation between the two. Awareness on TV violence needs to be utilized in order to see who is at higher risks of violence. With the use of TV ratings on shows, parents are able to decide what shows there children are allowed to watch and in return reduce the amount of violence young children watch, reducing the effects of young children committing crime. Summary and Conclusions In todays society not many individuals can say they can pass the day without engaging in some sort of use of the television; whether it is used for entertainment or background noise. Signorielli (2006) notes that the television is the most all-encompassing mass medium in the United States and with this Postman (1992) stresses the need for American culture to change its concepts on reality expressed through TV (p. 19). Banduras (1986) social learning theory discussed that individuals are not driven by the inner forces nor are automatically shaped and controlled by external stimuli. However, he further states that human functioning is utilized in a way of modeling a triadic reciprocality, where behavior, personal and cognitive factors as well as environment interact with one another and are the determinates of one another (p. 18). Limitations of the studies discussed throughout this paper have demonstrated both past and present research and has been noted that it is impossible to control the factors such as environment, cognitive, and personal factors. With limitations within the data sets it is to be known that any analysis used from this data can be flawed. Further research needs to include factors such as social class, family communications and issues, parental monitoring, aggression within the family, viewing habits of television from both parents and children and many more. Recommendations for Further Study As television, programming, and audience evolves, research that is conducted also needs to evolve, as well as the types of questions being asked. For example, content analysis cannot focus mainly on certain prime-time TV shows on cable, for there are many more different types and channels on satellite, digital video recording (DVR) as well as live streaming off the internet, which have all changed the individuals viewing habits. With the popularity of news programs and reality shows Glascock (2008) states these types of programs need to be added to the analysis as well. Music television, advertising, public broadcast and even sports have been forgotten as well within this research. It is also to be noted that very little attention has been put on violent vs. nonviolent content on TV. Another factor that is an important variable for this research is how nonviolent programs affect and assist in better understand modeling behaviors in children. Much of Banduras evidence from his social learning theory is highly supported those individuals who view and enjoy TV more than others tend to like or relate to certain characters. Therefore, when these individuals see their character that they relate to act out with use of violence, that individual becomes excepting to that type of violence, leading them to have higher risks of committing crimes themselves. Research studies from the year 2000 to the present need to be investigated and address future research with questions such as: What types of progress and/or new conclusions can be used to identify certain effects that impact children who view violence on television? Has any new understandings or developments emerged within the last ten years that relate to TV violence and aggressive behavior in children and adults? However, many media effects researchers have began to look into studies on prevention and interventions. These types of studies use the social learning approach used in TV violence research and are examining process of comprehension, interpretation, and evaluating types of aggressive acts. Murray (2008) suggests that further researcher needs to involve neurological correlations of viewing TV violence (p. 1223). Many researchers are beginning to worry about addictions and dependency on TV. Researchers such as Anderson, Berkowitz, Donnerstein, Huesmann, Johnson, Linz, Malamuth, Wartella (2003) suggest that more parental monitoring as well as better guidance need to be put in place. Walma van der Molen (2004) go further to discuss the important of families, schools, and children doctors in helping to promote awareness on TV violence and its effects to children, more so on topics of real life violence and its effects (p. 1771). It is to be noted that no one kid is immune to the effects of TV violence, many children who are exposed to violent TV at a young age are at higher risk of committing crimes as young adults as well as adults. Further evidence has shown that any child from any family, city or any other type of background has the risk of learning and behaving more aggressively when exposed to violence on TV. Conclusions Almost everything on television can now be categorized as reality yet all of it is seen as entertainment. With the television making its presence in homes long ago, it has since moved its way into where we work, our schools, on our phones and even in our cars. Leading more of todays children demanding more time spent watching it. Much of the research in this paper supports the notion that constant viewing of violence on TV leads to more acceptance aggression and violent behaviors. Banduras social learning theory further discusses that if individuals have a strong link to a certain character and the character receives rewards, punishments or uses violence, the individual is more likely to act like the character and display the same type of behavior (Nabi Clark, 2008, p. 407). Research has shown time and time again that the lack of punishments and remorse that is displayed leads to a false reality and decreased sensitivity; leading more children to think it is ok to be aggressive and commit crimes and with no guidance from parents children will grow up to think this type of behavior is ok, which will lead many of children to grow up and end up in jail (Caputo, 1993; American Association of Pediatrics Committee on Communications, 1995; Signorielli, Gerbner, Morgan, 1995; Federman, 1996-1998; Peters Blumberg, 2002; Wilson, Colvin Smith, 2002; Potter, 2008; Richmond Wilson, 2008). Decrease sensitivity is desensitization. Many children model and react the same way they see things on TV, leading many children to grow up being insensitive, lazy, and having a lack of concern in emotional situations and these types of attitudes are seen in many of the criminals today. Desensitization can range differently for many individuals, however, the results are the both negative; for an individual will have a decreased amount of emotional reactions from the violent views or will have no regards to the consequences of violent acts they commit. 5,958 young children ages 10 to 24 were murdered in 2006 from gunfire, this is on average a total of 16 children being murdered every day (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009). These murder rates are higher than children deaths due to cancer, AIDS/HIV, asthma, influenza, and pneumonia combined (Childrens Defense Fund, 2004, as cited by AAFP.org, 2010). With no proof leading to the reasons why children use guns and kill can only lead to possibilities that violence on TV is in fact a key factor. With many young children in todays society growing up having more antisocial behaviors leads many to believe that the majority of these children will in fact grow up and become criminals or will commit more crimes as a young adult. When paired with the amount of time children are exposed to violence on TV it is easy to see the correlation linked to antisocial behaviors which leads many individuals to commit crime.

Buying an Existing Website :: Sell Website

Buying an Existing Website Have you considered being your own boss, creating your own financial independence and making your own dreams a reality? You're not alone, owning your own business is the "American dream". But the reality is that buying a business is a serious financial and personal commitment that requires an understanding of what makes a business successful. All too often, new owners jump blindly into a business venture, overwhelmed by the tremendous workload of starting a business from the ground up. A government survey shows that 60% of new businesses fail within the first three years. An existing, established business that is purchased by a new owner shows a minimal failure rate. If you have considered the thought of owning your own business, buying an existing business has many advantages over building a business from scratch: You can review actual operating results, rather than projected results. You get immediate cash flow from the ongoing business activities. You will have trained employees in place. You will have established suppliers. You will have established customers and referral business. You will have existing licenses and permits. The seller will train you in operating the business. In most cases, the seller will provide the financing you need to buy the business. SUNBELT Business brokers know the reasons a good business succeeds. SUNBELT itself is a franchise that ranks number one in the business brokerage industry. SUNBELT has over twenty years of matching the right business opportunity with the right buyer. It's that simple. From understanding the reasons an on-going business can provide a positive cash flow, to the value of an established name, location and customer base to the inner workings of new owner financing and sealing the deal - SUNBELT can make your dreams reality. With the right negotiations, a business can actually pay for itself - let SUNBELT show you how. Confidentiality Unlike the sale of real estate or franchises, the sale of an on-going business is very confidential for both the seller and the prospective buyer. All inquiries are held in strict confidence. Meetings and information shared or observed are to be held in strict confidence. To ensure confidentiality for all parties, SUNBELT brokers require a confidentiality agreement to be signed. In return for granting you, the prospective buyer, access to investigate the operations of the seller's business and otherwise private information, the prospective buyer promises to use the information for the sole purpose of evaluating the benefits and risks of purchasing the seller's business in strict confidence.

Magazine Advertisement Analysis: Kotex Essay

This print advertisement for U by Kotex shows a woman driving a convertible in which the written concept takes the edge off the embarrassment some feel about feminine products. (The N.Y. Times, B3)  ·As I looked at the advertisement, it gave me a feeling of calmness with a peace of mind. I felt like I could be that young woman in that car. This advertisement describes the driver holding up her right hand, in a light blue convertible on the highway with the text placed in the sky above the driver, car and the road that reads: â€Å"I tied a tampon to my key ring so my brother wouldn’t take my car. It worked.† (The N.Y. Times)  ·The message takes the edge off the embarrassment some feel about feminine products. In a black block with pictures of the product boxes on the bottom of the page, there’s a question: â€Å"Why are 40% of people uncomfortable with tampons?† Break the Cycle. New U by Kotex. (U by Kotex)  ·Acquiring a new product line, U by Kotex, the brand discreetly constructed its own advertising campaign to speak to these extremely media aware users. The most abnormal advertising technique being used: Kotex accepted the fact that their target market completely understands that they are advertised to or enticed. This way, Kotex made their users dominant, laying order directing in their laps. Being aware of the â€Å"awareness factor† also arranged consumers as brilliant, brand-competent, and witty. (Ad Campaign Analysis) Mitchell 2  ·Wrappers for the individual items come in four bright colors, with the outside packaging is mainly black. Mr. Meurer of Kotex states, â€Å"This has been a institutional type of product, with products that are white and light blue and boring, and what we have is a variety of bold lipstick colors in each pack.† â€Å"What we like to say is, we’re taking the category from institutional care to personal care.† (The N.Y. Times)  ·In general, the inventive arrangement of the advertisement, with the black, grey and white  lettering put together with the apportionment of the scenery, black bottom and the converted images of the products, arranged for an exceptional visual understanding. The surroundings look as if the photo was taken somewhere on a countryside back road, maybe southern California, because of the broad variety of vegetation, and other geographical conditions illustrated in the scenery.  ·Not only does U by Kotex adequately sell their products, but they give much more. Website visitors, UbyKotex.com, which was designed by the New York office of Organic, section of the Omnicom Group, are encouraged to sign a â€Å"Declaration of Real Talk,† pledging to defy societal pressures that discourage women from speaking out about their bodies and health. For every signer, Kotex donates $1 to â€Å"Girls for Change,† a national nonprofit based in San Jose, California, that puts together urban middle school and high school girls with professional women to encourage social change. According to Mr. Meurer of Kotex, â€Å"We’re really out there and we’re trying to touch women and say we care about this conversation.† We’re changing our brand equity to stand for truth and transparency and progressive vaginal care.† (The N.Y. Times)  · The questions are out there in the world, yet they can’t be answered fully. It’s not the 1950’s anymore. Talking freely about many private health problems is no longer taboo. Actually, it’s encouraged, steering toward added awareness and better health care for people everywhere. Society and the media still have not accepted the issues women have below the waist. Sadly, this secrecy and shame about all things Mitchell 3  pertaining to vaginal health have a negative impact on a woman’s body image, self-esteem and overall health. U by Kotex brand wants to help women change the conversation about periods and vaginal care. Help Break the Cycle, so women can begin to feel comfortable their bodies and confident about their personal care. http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2010/03/16/business/16adco_CA0.html Works Cited â€Å"It’s time to Break the Cycle.† U by Kotex. U by Kotex, 10 June 2012. Web. 10 June 2012. â€Å"Rebelling Against the Commonly Evasive Feminine Care Ad.† The New York Times. The New York Times. 15 March 2010. Web. 10 June 2012. â€Å"Ad Campaign Analysis: Kotex Reveals Ad Strategy, As Strategy.† 23 Oct. 2010. Web. 10 June 2012.

Walmart in China

Tablet of Contents The Beginning of Walmart Logistic†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Magic of the stripes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Walmart’s Cross Docking†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Downfall of Barcode System†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Power to the RIFD†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Walmart’s RFID Influence in China†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 The Chinese RFID investment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 Chinese market potential†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 The Beginning of Walmart LogisticWal-Mart as we all know it, it is an American multination corporation that operation in a largest chain discount stores in the world. Sam Walton, the successful business man from Arkansas began his retail store in 1940, worked at J. C. Penney and later on started a small retail chain store called â€Å"Ben Franklin†. It wasn’t till 1962; Mr. Walton opened the first Walmart store. In the beginning, Walton had his strategy set to low income families and offered a considerably lower cost than his competitors, the low price strategy allowed Walton to steer forward with his real goal to become the supply chain logistics giant.By 1987, Walton have led the store into a growing rampage, Walmart had 1,198 nationwide, sales in the 15. 9 billion and had 200,000 associates (Walmart, http://walmartstores. com/aboutus/7603. aspx, 2011), In the same year the company also became the largest private satellite net work in the country a nd implemented the first distribution monitoring system, it is a linked satellite system that offers two ways data , voice and one way video communication between Walmart’s driver and distribution center which increases inventory accuracy and ability to quickly restock store inventories (Wailgum, 2007).Magic of the stripes In addition to the satellite system, Walmart has guided the way to other ground-breaking technologies that had other retailers follow. In 1988, Walmart was the first retail company who used the barcode system as the universal labeling system (Walmart, http://walmartstores. com/aboutus/7603. aspx, 2011). The efficiently of the barcode system gave Walmart the capability to reduce store inventories and the cost of keeping items in warehouse.The barcode system also makes it possible for Walmart to record sales of each item for more accurate sales analysis, because the barcode system worked so well, 99 percent of Walmart stores adapted this technology(Walmart, h ttp://walmartstores. com/aboutus/7603. aspx, 2011). But it also created another problem for Walmart suppliers. One of the key pieces of the barcode system is the Universal Product Code (UPC), the UPC is a stamp with black and white stripes and numbers on the bottom that allows a barcode scanner to scan the product.Getting the UPC code isn’t as easy as print it on the box and ships it out to Walmart. First, Walmart requires all their potential suppliers to file an evaluation with Dun & Bradstreet for an evaluation of the company’s financial standing, second, buy a membership from Uniform Code Council's GS1 that cost at least $750 plus an annual fee that bases on the company’s sales plus cost of each UPC on the product (Washingtonpost, 2007).Base on the cost, if you are large company like PepsiCo or Johnson ; Johnson the fees are relatively small, but if you are a small mom and pop business the fees can eat up most of your sales revenue. However, Jon Lehman who wa s a Walmart Manager who managed six stores said during an interview with PBS. org(PBS. org, 2004) â€Å"you can track sales on specific items, specific weeks, specific days, specific hours of the day, when you sell merchandise the most. You can find out what size of toothpaste is your best seller, what times of the year you sell that toothpaste.You can track sales spikes during the year, during certain seasonal periods†. the benefit of the barcode system gives Walmart the leverage power to have all their suppliers include barcode in their products, which was the first time, a retailer have power over the supplier. Walmart’s Cross Docking In the retail race for survival, more and more retailers are finding ways to reduce inventory cost and transportation cost. Then in the 1980s, Walmart began to use a logistic technique call the â€Å"cross-docking†.This is a way for the finished goods to directly be pick up from a supplier’s manufacturing plant, and then transport the goods to the customers without storing it. The cross docking provide tremendous benefit, First, reduce handling and transportation cost, the product will not have to go to another storage location to be wait for pick up. Second, Cut product wait time, the product will spend less time in warehouse and more time on the road to deliver to the customer, it is especially important if the products are time sensitive, such as milk or produces.Walmart stores can decrease the financial lost from having to reduce price of the product because it is close to the expiration day. Third, product now have less chances to be damaged during shipping, in the old days, products often have to be transported though many different locations before it is shipped to the stores, the cross docking eliminates the needs of going to different distribution locations, as figure 1 shows, all products now will only go to a centralized sorting facility before it’s shipped to various Walmart store s.However, the most significant advantage of cross docking is the reduced warehousing, one of the cross docking main benefits is the ability to quickly move products, therefore, increase the turnaround time during warehousing. Walmart stores can carry more products and can stored more in the warehouse. Figure 1 Downfall of Barcode System The barcode system provided undeniable logistical benefit since Sam Walton started the company, but as time move forward and more supplies need to be move across warehouse floor; the time is up for a replacement. The technological constraints of the barcode system are speed, range and durability.The first major shortfall is that the barcode requires the line-of-sight technology(RFID-Journal, 2011), which means for the barcode to be read, there has to be a laser scanner within the line of sight for it to pick up the information in the barcode. According to International Logistics by Richard Stewart and Pierre David â€Å"Transportation is dependent on an infrastructure that allows the movement of goods†. Due to the line-of-sight constraint logisticians have to design the warehouse certain ways to allow barcode system to be read or introduce expensive human labors into the picture.Second, because it requires laser scanner to scan the products, only one item can be read at a time. Third, barcodes labels are vulnerable to daily wear and tear. Allow me to ask, have you experienced a time where you or the store cashier try to scan the barcode and you placed the barcode over the red scanner several times, but the scanner failed to pick up the barcode. That’s an example of damaged barcode. Due to the nature of barcode, once the widths of the black and white lines are damaged, it is impossible for the scanners to pick up.As a result of the limitations in barcode technology, Walmart implemented a new technology call RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) in its logistic system. Power to the RIFD In 2003(Webster, 2008), Walm art had started the preparation to integrate the RFID technology into its supply chain. The RFID united the improvements over barcode system in range, reading rate and durability into a single chip. It is a system of small electronic stickers that can instantly broadcast radio signal to the RFID receiver and consistently update its location.This way, logisticians can link between the digital and physical world without any human communication. The RFID had another advantage it’s able to read the data and know precisely what item it is and the expiration date on the item. For example, the RFID can tell Walmart which orange juices in which refrigerators are going to expire, so the employees can move the soon to expire orange juices in the front row. Walmart then required its 100 suppliers to integrate RFID technology in their packaging and hoping it will solve the issues where items are not ready on the selife. According to Ron Moser, RFID strategy leader at Walmart, Around 2 pe rcent of all lost sales are due to the simple fact a store has run out of an item, but 41 percent of the lost sales are due to inventory problem, If RFID can fix just 10 percent of that problem, then Wal-Mart will gain $287 million per year by avoiding lost sales. † Since 2007, Walmart has benefited a 30 percent reduction of out-of-stocks; reduction of excess inventory in the supply chain says Walmart CIO and Executive Vice President Rollin Ford(Walmart, Wal-Mart Continues RFID Technology Expansion, 2007). And If combine the numbers from Moser and Ford, that is a saving of 861 million a year, since the integration of RFID.The technology has proven itself as the divine money savior for Walmart’s logistic system. On top of that, Walmart has also pushed the RFID into one of their most profitable foreign market, China. Walmart’s RFID Influence in China In speaking of international logistics, if Walmart requires all their suppliers to include RFID chips, then they wil l also need to require international companies to do the same. Started in 2009(ChinaRetailNews. com, 2008), Walmart impacted the Chinese supply chain by forcing all Chinese suppliers to have RFID chips build into their products.Not only so, Walmart also created tougher standards on the Chinese suppliers which created a much stressful time for the Chinese manufactures to adapt. Going back to day one, the Walmart RFID movement started in January 2005 in a distribution center in Dallas says computerworld. com (Songini, 2006). At first, Walmart required about 100 of its suppliers in to have RFID chip installed, then in two years after that, in January 2007, 600 suppliers implemented the technology. Base on the historical review of the U. S. companies, it was easier for U. S. ompanies to put into practice of the RFID chip, upgrade the information system and warehousing technologies. On the other hand, most of the Chinese companies were still using human labors for their supply chain mana gement. It wasn’t that the Chinese manufactures didn’t want to upgrade to RFID. The technology infrastructure just wasn’t there. According the physorg. com, most of the companies in South China â€Å"Don’t understand and are not familiar with the technology† There was a number of problems that Walmart needed to solve before implementing the RFID idea into the mind of Chinese suppliers.First, at what level would it affect China? Civilian standards or government regulations or both? Second, how many of Chinese suppliers are capable of deploying the RFID technology; third, how many of them have heard of RIFD technology. The Chinese RFID investment Two of the very important market entry strategies that an international logistician ought to understand before entering a foreign market are the technology infrastructure and the characteristic of different levels of development. Does the Chinese have it what it takes to upgrade its Infrastructure?And does t he potential trade benefit outweigh cost? Fortunately, the Chinese government had a plan to expand its logistics infrastructure in 2007. The China State Radio Regulation Committee (SRRC) has approved the bandwidths needed to transmit RFID frequency in China, the two UHF bands 840. 25 to 844. 75 MHz and 920. 25 to 924. 75 MHz (Swedberg, 2007). The Chinese government’s intention of this approval is bring itself up to speed with rest of the world. According to Craig K. Harmon, President and CEO of Standards development organization â€Å"can be viewed as good news for U.S. and European companies. China's 920 to 925 MHz band overlaps the 902 to 928 MHz band used in the United States, so U. S. RFID tags will be readable by interrogators approved for use in China†. In other word, The Chinese government did not blindly upgrade its RFID infrastructure; it made sure the radio frequencies are compatible with foreign companies like Walmart. In other to support and keep up with re st of the world, the Chinese government is making an enormous amount of investments in the RFID market.Between 2009 and 2014, the Chinese market will have grown to $1. 4 billion in 2010, and by 2014, the RFID will reach $2. 4 billion, more than double the total form 2009, said by an iSuppli, a China market research firm. The RFID infrastructure is growing, and will dramatically develop to a mature stage that has the same level playing field with the United States. Chinese market potential Since the early 90s, the world has witnessed China’s huge growth economy and the potential to grow more, the logistics in China also have been growing along.Nevertheless, international logistics is a part of international business, the market, supply & demand, and GDP; those elements are the support beams of the logistics infrastructure. In addition, The Chinese and Walmart’s RFID infrastructures are depended on this growth. In 2010, the Chinese GDP growth was 10. 3 percent. In the sa me year, the Chinese domestic logistics grew to $15. 75 Trillion and will have 9% compound annual growth rate between 2011 to 2013, said by (Logistic Industry in China set for Tremendous Growth, 2011).On a general level, rapid market and GDP growth is a perfect business incubator for Walmart to accelerate the RFID adaption among Chinese suppliers. Conclusion The Logistics infrastructure is a key component for Walmart to penetrate Chinese market, in view of the fact that the country’s economy is export oriented. The RFID is one of the most important technologies for both Walmart and China to communicate both in the physical level and software level. But without the physical warehouse planning of Cross Docking, introducing the RFID can only win half of the battle.Ever since, Sam Walton created Walmart, moving products to customers have been the key development for the company, from human labor to barcode system and finally the RFID. With the pushing and help from Walmart, local Chinese manufactures and logistics companies are able to adapt this piece of technology and continue to compete with rest of the world. There are also noticeable evidences that the Chinese government is aware of the problem and taking action on, for example approving the RIFD spectrums. So far, the Chinese logistics information system that can support the RIFD is still smaller than the U.S. , even with that, Walmart should not back down in pushing the RFID technology to rest of the Chinese manufactures. We have to remember, what happen from the 100 supplies in the U. S. will happen to the Chinese suppliers. The adaption rate is slow and painful, but Walmart will get there. Works Cited China faces barriers in RFID adoption. (2005, 12 22). Retrieved 04 25, 2011, from www. physorg. com: http://www. physorg. com/news9312. html ChinaRetailNews. com. (2008, 11 06). Wal-Mart To Adopt Radio Frequency Identification On Chinese Mainland. Retrieved 04 26, 2011, from http://www. chinaretailnew s. om: http://www. chinaretailnews. com/2008/11/06/1730-wal-mart-to-adopt-radio-frequency-identification-on-chinese-mainland/ Geography, D. o. (2011). THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS. Retrieved 04 18, 2011, from Hofstra University: http://people. hofstra. edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en/conc5en/crossdocking. html Gu, V. (2011, 01 03). Press Release. Retrieved 05 01, 2011, from isuppli: http://www. isuppli. com/China-Electronics-Supply-Chain/News/Pages/Chinas-RFID-Market-Set-to-Double-by-2014. aspx Logistic Industry in China set for Tremendous Growth. (2011, 03 09). Retrieved 05 08, 2011, from whattech. com: